![]() These, as well as the insights of the author’s personal experience provided the perspective of Puerto Ricans who were living on the U.S. Ten interviews of Puerto Ricans who were living outside the island were conducted. Twenty Puerto Rican residents who had experienced the hurricane first-hand in different parts of the island were interviewed to gather information about what it was like to live through the natural disaster. The Director of FEMA Interpreters, Anna Canaparo, was interviewed to learn more about the relief efforts conducted by FEMA after Hurricane María. Gredia Huerta-Montañez, a pediatrician and researcher for PROTECT and CRECE were interviewed regarding the health preparedness of Puerto Rico and the status of public health after the hurricane. José Cordero, former Dean of the School of Public Health at the University of Puerto Rico, and Co-Director of the Puerto Rico Test site for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT) and Center for Research on Childhood Exposure and Development Projects (CRECE), Dr. Leading public health professionals such as Dr. In all, about 60 of these government publications, news articles, scholarly journal entries and previous research were examined in depth to effectively understand the infrastructure of Puerto Rico before the hurricane, and to study its aftermath. CDC Morbidity and Mortality reports as well as CDC blog recommendations for enhanced communication were collected and analyzed. Scholarly journal articles and research from the Milken Institute School of Public Health in collaboration with the University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health and the Yale School of Medicine were studied to understand the effects of the hurricane and the official death toll. Census Bureau reports were thoroughly examined to obtain information and data about the infrastructure of Puerto Rico. Energy Information Administration and the U.S. Government publications such as the 2017 Hurricane Season FEMA After-Action Report the U.S. News articles from The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Guardian, El Vocero and other reliable news sources were gathered and read in detail. It will analyze how an infrastructure that had been damaged as the result of a previous financial crisis and by problems of governance, increased the island’s vulnerability and slowed recovery. It will explore the factors underlying the reported discrepancies in mortality. ![]() This report will examine the immediate and delayed public health consequences of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. The death toll was originally reported as 64 and has been revised by Governor Ricardo Rosello to 2 975 but the 2018 Harvard survey study estimated that perhaps as many as 4 645 fatalities had occurred. Not only did it have devastating economic costs, thousands of people died as a result of Hurricane Maria. With winds of up to 175 mph, it was the largest hurricane to have hit Puerto Rico since 1928 and the costliest in Puerto Rican history, causing estimated damages of $100 billion. Soon after, on September 20th, Hurricane Maria struck the weakened island directly. On September 6th, Hurricane Irma passed near Puerto Rico causing $1 billion in damage and three deaths. In September 2017, Puerto Rico was struck by two major hurricanes in the span of two weeks. As the world continues to experience global warming, Puerto Rico, with 66.7% of their population residing in coastal areas, will likely face more intense and frequent hurricanes. Puerto Rico experiences the Atlantic hurricane season each year from June through November. ![]() This island of about 9 000 km 2 with a population of around 3 million people is situated in the northeast Caribbean Sea. Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States of America.
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